如何理解疑難單詞？如何學會根據(jù)上下文猜出其大概意思？

（1）以上下文為線索： In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing souwesters, that storm was so heavy that they were wet through. Souwesters 是什么意思？根據(jù)wear,其賓語一定是某種穿的東西；而根據(jù)fishermen, heavy storm 和wet through, 則一定為某種防水防雨的東西。一查字典，souwesters 是一種雨衣。所以，根據(jù)上下文猜的與字典查的意思基本一致。 The largest whales outweigh elephants by tons. Outweigh 是什么意思？根據(jù)常識，whales和elephants是兩種最大的海洋動物和陸地動物，by tons是以噸計算，再根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，weigh是稱重量，那么，outweigh的意思一定是重量超過的意思。

（2）以標點符號為線索：破折號、括號、冒號、逗號或引號引導(dǎo)出一個定義或范例來解釋前面出現(xiàn)的生詞。 In the island of Trinidad, the oil is in the form of asphalt, a substance used for making roads.什么是asphalt呢？逗號后面的內(nèi)容就是解釋，一種作路用的物質(zhì)，即瀝青。 One of the obstacle to fast reading is vocalizing---saying the words to themselves in a low voice. Vocalizing 的意思是什么？破折號后面的內(nèi)容就是解釋，即默讀。 Carrying-on luggage can fit either under the seat or in a special compartment (enclosed space) above the seats over the heads of the passengers. Compartment的意思是什么？括號后面的內(nèi)容就是解釋，即行李倉。

（3）以提示詞為線索：所謂提示詞即or, that is, i.e.(拉丁詞id est = that is ), called, namely, in other words. In the 1970s,the feminist movement, or womens liberation, produced additional economic and social changes. The feminist movement,就是or 后面的womens liberation,即婦女解放運動。 The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on…… Adolescence 根據(jù)i.e.的?熱菁次?"青春期"。 A score is unreliable to the degree that it contains measurement error, that is, to the extent to which it has been influenced by irrelevant chance factors.所謂measurement error（測量誤差），就是that is以后的內(nèi)容,即to the extent to which it has been influenced by irrelevant chance factors(受到無關(guān)的偶然因素影響的程度引起的偏差)。

（4）以舉例為線索：such as, for example, e.g., like The mass media, such as radio, television, newspapers, etc. ，have a powerful influence upon people.如果不知道the mass media (大眾媒體)是什么，則一看radio, television, newspapers 就知道。 Heredity refers to the characters we get from our parents, like our intelligence and ability to sing. 如果不知道Heredity(遺傳)是什么，則一看like our intelligence and ability to sing 就知道。

（5）同義詞為線索： The detectives were deluded by all the false evidence. They were completely deceived and arrested the wrong person.從上下文看，deluded 就是deceived,即欺騙。 The cost of college education is skyrocketing. Since tuition costs are rapidly rising, many students must take jobs to help meet their expenses. Skyrocketing 就是are rising rapidly，即飛速上漲。

（6）以反義詞為線索： The class covers only the most important philosophical ideas of the 19th century, not the trivial one. Not the trivial one 即the most important philosophical ideas. All the time Jane was talking with others while her sister Elizabeth remained reticent. Remain reticent 即was talking 的反義詞。

考疑難詞語提問方式有：

1) The expression "play safe" probably means ____.

2) The phrase "be brought forward" in line 2 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

3) The word "them" in line 8, paragraph 2 refers to ________.

4) By saying "Johns igloo was at the top of the world", the writer means that it was ______.

5) The term "occasion" in this passage could best replaced by ______.

6) According to the passage, what is "……"?

7) As used in the passage, the phrase "driven to the corner" suggests ______.

8) From the passage, we can infer that the word "……" means _______.

%26Oslash;如何抓重要細節(jié)或具體內(nèi)容？

大部分細節(jié)或具體內(nèi)容一般都能在文章中直接或間接地找到答案。應(yīng)試者應(yīng)該用查讀(scanning) 方法找到包含所需信息的關(guān)鍵句子或短語。但正確選擇項不可能和文中原句完全一樣，而是用了不同的詞語表示出來。例如：

They were told that they could branch off into the area of literature other than the novel.

A. They were told to study drama and poetry, too. B. They were told to study the novel.

C. They could take some of the branches off. D. They wanted to live in another area.

在上述四個答案中，B.(the novel), C.(branches off) and D.(another area)都是原文中有的詞，而A中一個詞也沒有，然而正確答案偏偏是A，也即表面看起來離答案越遠的，實際是正確答案。

考事實細節(jié)的提問方式有：

1) From the passage we know that ______.

2) In the passage, the author states that ______.

3) The writer mentions all of the items listed below except ______.

4) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?

5) Which of the following statement is NOT true?

6) Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the third paragraph?

%26Oslash;推論題、作者觀點態(tài)度題的提問方式有哪些？

一篇文章總是為了表達作者的觀點的：贊成或反對，肯定或否定。通過快速通讀，讀者應(yīng)該可以找到推論的依據(jù)，從而可以找到正確的答案。考推論的提問方式有：

1)The author implies (suggests) that ______.

2)It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

3)It may be concluded from the passage that ______.

4)The passage suggests which of the following statements?

5)According to the passage, which of the following is ______.

6)The author may agree with which of the following?

7)What does the passage say about _____?

考作者觀點態(tài)度的提問方式有：

1) What is the authors attitude towards _______.

2) In the passage the authors attitude towards "……" is ______.

3)The author seems to think that ______.

4)The writer is trying to present a point of view in ______.

5)The author wants to appeal to _______ .

6)The authors style is ______ .

7)The authors tone would be best described as _______ .

8)What is the authors opinion of ______?

%26Oslash;遇到長句難句怎么讀？

通過分割，劃出主要成份，跳過次要成分或?qū)⒕渥臃纸�，則難句也就迎刃而解了。例如：

1) Anyone with an alertness of mind will encounter during the course of an investigation numerous interesting side issues that might be pursued.

去掉主語、謂語和賓語之間的分割成分之后就很容易理解：Anyone will encounter numerous interesting side issues.

2) The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined in the presence of chlorophyll and with energy derived from light to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant.

去掉主語和謂語之間的分割成分（by which…to form sugars）之后,主要成分（The processes of photosynthesis require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant）就很容易理解了：光合作用要求空氣中的二氧化碳進入植物。什么是光合作用呢？逗號后面的內(nèi)容就是解釋：二氧化碳和水在葉綠素和陽光的作用下構(gòu)成糖分的過程就叫光合作用�？梢姳砻婵雌饋韽�(fù)雜的句子其實是由若干個簡單句構(gòu)成的。

3) Exercise as a part of ones daily life did not catch on until the late 1960s when research by military doctors began to show the health benefits of doing regular physical exercises.

可將這個句子在1960s處分成兩部分就容易理解。前半句介紹直到六十年代后期，體育鍛煉才成為時尚；后半句介紹因為那時軍隊醫(yī)生研究表明定期體育鍛煉對身體有好處。

4) Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.

這句話可先分析一下：主語為Money spent on advertising,表語為money spent。那么,as well as any I know of 做什么用呢？如果把as well as 理解成also、too,則就解釋不通了。但是如過把后半句改寫成money which is spent well, as well as any (money spent)I know of就好理解了，即花在廣告上的錢是值得花的錢，花得值得。這是利用分析和分割解決難句理解的一個例子。

5) It should be noted that one of the few characteristics shared by all of the 1700 comets observed since 2316 B.C. is the common focal point of their elliptical orbits---the sun.

先跳過次要成分shared by all of the 1700 comets observed since 2316 B.C.(自公元前2316年以來觀察到的1700顆彗星所共有的)，把主要成分It should be noted that one of the few characteristics is the common focal point of their elliptical orbits---the sun（應(yīng)注意到少數(shù)幾個特征之一是其橢圓軌跡的焦點--太陽）劃出來，理解也就解決了。

6) As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relatoinships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

在本句中，理解的關(guān)鍵是看清move away 有三個賓語，and with it 后面省略了is cut off；confidence 后面跟了一個同位語從句。分析清楚了，翻譯也就容易了。即隨著家庭從穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)、多年的老朋友和大的家庭關(guān)系中離開的時候，他們之間傳遞信息的非正式渠道就切斷了；隨之而失去的是這樣一種信心：即需要時可得的、可靠的和可以信賴的信息沒有了。

7) Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.

首先要看清楚這是個倒裝句，主語為the development of technologies,其次要看到technologies 有一個定語從句which enable……,還要看到這個從句中還有個定語從句：to more locations than has ever been possible before。分析清楚了，意思也就出來了。即信息量增加的同時，技術(shù)也發(fā)展了。這些技術(shù)能以前所未有的速度儲存并發(fā)送比以往更多的信息到比以往更多的地區(qū)。通過上述例子的分析講解，大家不難看出，通過分割，分析語法，找出主要成分，理順關(guān)系是解決長句和疑難句理解的有效方法。

%26Oslash;理解中心思想

中心思想或主題是一個段落或一篇文章的核心。任何文章或段落都有其中心思想。它為該文章或段落提供了一個目的或方向，是作者文章中所表達的關(guān)鍵思想。它貫穿文章始終，作者會從多角度、多層次，圍繞這個中心進行闡述。

較長的文章由幾個段落組成，要把握中心，首先必須抓住每段的中心。怎樣抓段落中心？

（1）明確的主題句：據(jù)統(tǒng)計，topic sentence 50%為第一句或段首句，30%為段尾句， 15%為段首、段尾句。

（2）不明確的主題句：無topic sentence，中心思想通過闡述暗示出來。讀者應(yīng)通過文章閱讀概括出來。好在這一類文章或段落不多，僅占百分之幾。

怎樣抓多段落和文章的中心思想，即the main idea of a passage呢?應(yīng)試者應(yīng)把握每段的topic sentence ，然后把它們歸納在一起，這樣就可概括出整篇文章的中心思想�，F(xiàn)舉例說明如下：本書高級閱讀第二篇就是個很典型的例子。文章的第一段就是全文的中心思想：There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system and the traditional system.各種經(jīng)濟單位相互作用的方法很多，其中有三種基本方法，即市場法、行政管理法和傳統(tǒng)法。接下來三段的段首句即為每段的段落中心思想：第二段介紹的就是市場法：In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace.第三段介紹的就是行政管理法：An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions.第四段，也即最后一段介紹傳統(tǒng)法：In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition: parentage, religion, and custom fix every persons place within the economic system.

考主旨大意的提問方式有：

1)The main idea of this section may be best expressed as ______.

2)The best title for this passage might be ______.

3)This passage is mainly about ______.

4)The main idea of this article is _______.

5)The authors purpose of writing this passage is to ______.

6)In this passage the author discusses primarily ______.

7)This passage illustrates _______.

8)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

9)The major point discussed in the passage is ______.

10)This first paragraph is mainly about ______.

11)What is the topic of this paragraph?

12)Which sentence best expresses the main idea of this passage?

13)What is the authors main point?

14)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?

%26Oslash;如何提高答題的正確率？

在看懂的前提下：(1)看清楚問題怎么問（直接事實，間接事實，或詞語用法）（2）看文章如何說，要從總體上、深層上考慮。注意是答案看起來不象答案，不是答案卻反而象答案。是答案盡量用原文不同的詞，但與原文表達的意思一致。不是答案的，盡量用與原文一致的詞語和說法。例如，主旨大意只說部分內(nèi)容（太具體、太特殊、太片面）或太大，超出原文范圍，或太小，沒有涵蓋原文包括的意思；或把一般常人的看法提出來；因此，要用懷疑的態(tài)度對待提供的答案，不要順著答案想法考慮。懷疑不了的答案，往往就是正確的答案。例如：

1) The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. Question: The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that _______.

A. they are expected to be leaders of the society.

B. they might become a burden of the society.

C. they should fully develop their potentials.

D. disabled children deserve special consideration.

正確答案是C,而A.B.和D.,尤其是B.和D.都是人們心理上的共識。

2) Big changes are apparent in current life patterns of women in the developed countries. Their span of life is longer by decades; many more marry; their old average of five children now numbers well below three; their chance of outliving their husbands approaches 90 percent. The end of marriage clearly puts men at dramatically greater health risk than it does women. Question: In developed countries, ______.

A. womens present life patterns have had apparent changes

B. 90% of women live longer than their husband.

C. women can expect to live several decades longer than men

D. on average, each woman has three children

正確的答案為A，因為這是本段的主題句（Big changes are apparent in current life patterns of women in the developed countries）的換一種說法。答案B.C.和D.都是原文中的具體例子，是以點蓋面，是不全面的，因而都是錯誤的。

3）Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. Question: By this sentence the author means that ______.

A. he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

B. everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming

C. advertising costs money like everything else

D. it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising

正確答案是D.答案A似是而非，答案B和C利用了大家的心中的常識，很容易上當。以上是看懂情況下做題時要注意的地方。下面說說看不懂時怎么辦�？床欢畷r，要找出句子的主要成份，看看是否分割，倒裝或詞組特殊、虛擬，然后再決定意思�？傊�，只要把上述方法和技巧不斷用于閱讀實踐，就能逐步提高自己的閱讀理解能力。